Sources and distribution of trace elements in Estonian peat     

Hans Orru  Mall Orru   《Global and Planetary Change》2006,53(4):249

This paper presents the results of the distribution of trace elements in Estonian mires. Sixty four mires, representative of the different landscape units, were analyzed for the content of 16 trace elements (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb using AAS; Cd by GF-AAS; Hg by the cold vapour method; and V, Co, As, Sr, Mo, Th, and U by XRF) as well as other peat characteristics (peat type, degree of humification, pH and ash content). The results of the research show that concentrations of trace elements in peat are generally low: V 3.8 ± 0.6, Cr 3.1 ± 0.2, Mn 35.1 ± 2.7, Co 0.50 ± 0.05, Ni 3.7 ± 0.2, Cu 4.4 ± 0.3, Zn 10.0 ± 0.7, As 2.4 ± 0.3, Sr 21.9 ± 0.9, Mo 1.2 ± 0.2, Cd 0.12 ± 0.01, Hg 0.05 ± 0.01, Pb 3.3 ± 0.2, Th 0.47 ± 0.05, U 1.3 ± 0.2 μg g^− 1 and S 0.25 ± 0.02%. Statistical analyses on these large database showed that Co has the highest positive correlations with many elements and ash content. As, Ni, Mo, ash content and pH are also significantly correlated. The lowest abundance of most trace elements was recorded in mires fed only by precipitation (ombrotrophic), and the highest in mires fed by groundwater and springs (minerotrophic), which are situated in the flood plains of river valleys. Concentrations usually differ between the superficial, middle and bottom peat layers, but the significance decreases depending on the type of mire in the following order: transitional mires – raised bogs – fens. Differences among mire types are highest for the superficial but not significant for the basal peat layers.The use of peat with high concentrations of trace elements in agriculture, horticulture, as fuel, for water purification etc., may pose a risk for humans: via the food chain, through inhalation, drinking water etc.  相似文献   

Factors affecting the elimination of PCBs in the marine copepod Acartia tonsa     

George B. McManus  Kevin D. Wyman  William T. Peterson  Charles F. Wurster 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,17(4):421-430

The effects of feeding, egg laying, and fecal pellet production on the elimination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the marine copepod Acartia tonsa were studied in a series of experiments. Copepods were exposed to ¹⁴C-labelled Aroclor 1254 and allowed to depurate in clean seawater. Copepods fed during depuration eliminated PCBs more rapidly than unfed copepods whether or not the original PCB exposure medium had contained food. Both eggs and fecal pellets contained PCBs during depuration, with the weight specific concentration of PCB in the eggs (up to 407 ppm, dry weight) exceeding four times that in the females that produced them. Female copepods eliminated PCBs twice as rapidly as males, indicating that egg production is an important route for PCB elimination.  相似文献   

A reliability‐based selective index for regional flood frequency analysis methods     

Gwo‐Fong Lin  Lu‐Hsien Chen 《水文研究》2003,17(13):2653-2663

In this paper, a new index is proposed for the selection of the best regional frequency analysis method. First, based on the theory of reliability, the new selective index is developed. The variances of three regional T‐year event estimators are then derived. The proposed methodology is applied to an actual watershed. For each regional method, the reliability of various T‐year regional estimates is computed. Finally, the reliability‐based selective index graph is constructed from which the best regional method can be determined. In addition, the selection result is compared with that based on the traditional index, root mean square error. The proposed new index is recommended as an alternative to the existing indices such as root mean square error, because the influence of uncertainty and the accuracy of estimates are considered. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Nutrient procurement strategy of a deposit-feeding estuarine neogastropod,Ilyanassa obsoleta     

Lawrence A. Curtis  L.E. Hurd 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1981,13(3):277-285

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福建中亚热带天然阔叶用材林择伐技术Ⅰ.基于树种特征的目标树种清单     

黄清麟  郑群瑞  戎建涛  卓鸣秀  官晓辉 《山地学报》2012,(2):180-185

依据树种的最大直径、干形、枝下高、生长快慢、木材价值、保护等级等6个重要特征指标,参照各指标的标准,筛选出福建中亚热带天然阔叶用材林目标树种,共计26科62属79种,其中针叶树种15种、阔叶树种64种,优质目标树种39种、良好目标树种29种、特殊目标树种11种。  相似文献   

微塑料对海洋桡足类摄食、排泄及生殖的影响     

于娟  许瑞  魏逾杰  田继远  王雪丹  来敬广  陈容  杨桂朋  张正雨  邵云粹 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2020,50(3):73-80

微塑料污染目前成为海洋污染普遍关注的一个研究热点。本文在实验室内将青岛近海常见的海洋桡足类猛水蚤暴露于不同浓度的微塑料尼龙6中,研究了猛水蚤的摄食、排泄以及生殖的变化。研究结果表明,微塑料尼龙6对猛水蚤的摄食、排泄、生殖均产生不利的影响,并且存在剂量-效应关系。微塑料尼龙6对猛水蚤摄食率、滤水率、排粪率的24 h·EC 50分别为67.7、62.2、84.1 mg·L^-1,对猛水蚤抱卵率的144 h·EC 50为30.3 mg·L^-1。“饱食感”造成猛水蚤摄食率降低,从而能量和营养摄入不足可能是导致猛水蚤抱卵率降低的原因。猛水蚤对微塑料的摄食,导致猛水蚤排泄的粪便颗粒小型化,由长椭球体变为短小椭球体,可能与其粘度或物理结构的改变有关。暴露于尼龙6的猛水蚤的粪便体积和沉降速率显著低于未暴露微塑料的对照组。本实验结果对于研究微塑料对海洋桡足类以及滤食性浮游动物的生态毒理影响具有一定的帮助。  相似文献   

结合空间信息选取最优端元组合的混合像元分解     

徐君  王彩玲 《测绘通报》2019,(7):6-11

传统的混合像元分解算法认为每个像元都包含图像中所能提取的全部端元组分，但这并不符合实际情况。实际上图像中大多数混合像元仅由少部分端元混合而成。由于端元提取精度及噪声的影响，采用全部端元对混合像元进行分解，会使得混合像元中实际并不存在的端元的丰度估计值不为零，分解结果存在较大误差。由于混合像元大多存在于不同地物的交界处，基于此，本文提出了一种结合图像的空间信息选取混合像元最优端元子集的方法。利用一个空间结构元素，从混合像元的附近邻域开始搜索，将搜索到的纯净像元光谱与所提取的图像端元光谱进行对比，并确定混合像元的端元子集进行分解。根据RMSE大小和变化情况，逐步扩大结构元素的大小，不断调整搜索范围，直至得到最优端元组合。模拟数据和真实数据的试验结果表明，该方法相比传统的全端元光谱分解方法，在总体上获得了更好的分解效果。  相似文献   

海洋环境因子对澳洲鲐亲体补充量关系的影响——基于贝叶斯模型平均法的研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

张畅  陈新军 《海洋学报》2019,41(2):99-106

澳洲鲐（Scomber australasicus）是西北太平洋重要的中上层经济鱼类，生命周期相对较短，资源量受补充量影响明显，了解澳洲鲐太平洋群系补充量状况对掌握其资源量及确保其可持续利用具有重要的意义。本文利用产卵场1（30°~32°N，130°~132°E）海表面温度（sea surface temperature，SST1）、产卵场2（34°~35°N，138°~141°E）海表面温度（SST2）、索饵场（35°~45°N，140°~160°E）海表面温度（SST3）、潮位差（tidal range，TR）、太平洋年代际涛动（Pacific decadal oscillation，PDO）和亲体量（spawning stock biomass，SSB）6个影响因子任意组合与补充量构建多个模型，运用贝叶斯模型平均法（Bayesian model averaging，BMA）分析各个环境因子对资源补充量的解释能力，并预测其补充量的变化。结果表明，SSB对补充量具有最长期且稳定的解释能力，其次是SST3，PDO、TR、SST2、SST1也对补充量模型具有一定的解释能力。SST3是环境因子中影响最大的因子，可能是由于补充群体在索饵场内生活时间较长，索饵场温度对仔鱼或鱼卵的生长存活有较大的影响。研究认为，基于BMA的组合预报综合考虑了各个模型的优势，优于单一模型，可用于澳洲鲐资源补充量的预测。  相似文献   

Feeding intensity and molecular prey identification of the mantis shrimp,Oratosquilla oratoria (De Haan, 1844), in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay     

Qi-Kang Bo  Yun-Zhao Lu  Hui-Jing Mi  Yan-Guang Yu  De-Xian Gu  Hong-Zheng You  Shuang Hao 《Marine Ecology》2020,41(4):e12594

Bohai Bay, a representative semi-enclosed bay of China, has been severely impacted in recent decades by rapid human development. Although the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria plays an important role in the Bohai Bay ecosystem and fishery, its feeding ecology and the impact of habitat changes on its feeding habits are poorly known. In this study, we sought to identify its feeding strategy through the separation of stomach contents, and to describe its trophic ecology during maturation in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay by the DNA barcoding method using a fragment (about 690 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (CO I) gene. A total of 594 specimens were collected from March to July 2018, and 347 (58.42%) stomachs were found to have food remains. More than half of the O. oratoria individuals had poor feeding activity, and the degree of feeding of females was higher than that of males, but there was no significant difference in the visual fullness index and the fullness weight index (FWI) between sexes for each month. In addition, the feeding activity of O. oratoria was consistent across the months, suggesting in artificial breeding programs it is not worried too much about the accessional diet supplied to the female bloodstocks except maintaining their normal food. A total of 167 retrieved prey items yielded 187 readable sequences; 86.63% of these sequences could be assigned to the species level. Consequently, 25 different prey taxa covering all readable sequences were identified, showing O. oratoria is a generalist predator. In terms of percent composition by frequency of occurrences (%N), crustaceans and fishes accounted for the same and highest percentage (35.83%) in the mantis shrimp diet, followed by mollusks (24.59%) and the remaining marine organisms (3.73%) including Polychaeta (2.67%), Sagittoidea (0.53%), and Chromadorea (0.53%). The result shows the benthic fish Oxudercidae (family) appears to be an especially important food supply for O. oratoria during maturation. The degree of cannibalism decreased with an increase in diet species and the frequencies of cannibalism in this study was noticeably higher than that in previous studies, suggesting that cannibalism may be a significant feeding strategy in the mantis shrimp O. oratoria in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay, and because of the frequently cannibalistic behavior, the high stocking density of broodstocks should be avoided.  相似文献   

黑海参(Holothuria atra)对环境沉积物的摄食选择及消化系统功能适应性研究     

薛英楼  高菲  许强  黄端杰  王爱民  孙涛 《海洋与湖沼》2019,50(5):1070-1079

黑海参(Holothuria atra)是热带珊瑚礁大型底栖动物群落中的代表种类之一,其摄食活动对珊瑚礁生境底质有机物的循环再利用具有重要作用。本文研究了三亚蜈支洲岛典型热带珊瑚礁海域野生黑海参的沉积物选择特征及其触手和消化系统结构功能的适应性。结果表明,黑海参摄取的沉积物颗粒相对较粗,其中粒径0.25mm部分占到了总重量的96.67%。触手上3—6个乳突形成乳突簇[直径(283.00±40.94)μm],适宜摄取大颗粒沉积物。黑海参胃内含物有机物含量显著高于环境沉积物,证实其对有机物含量的选择性;粒径0.25mm部分有机物含量占摄入总有机物量的75%,与环境沉积物中相同粒度的有机物总量占比接近(76%),表明黑海参选择的沉积物粒径范围有效保证了其高效摄入有机质。黑海参前肠的脂肪酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、胰蛋白酶活性最高,同时绝大部分的有机质(98.33%)在前肠被吸收。组织学定量分析表明,黑海参前肠黏膜层厚度最大,占总厚度的56.33%,这与其高效吸收有机质的功能相适应;后肠的肠壁总厚度和黏膜下层、肌层厚度均显著高于前肠和中肠,表明其具有相对更好的弹性和收缩能力,适合于大颗粒有机质的高效输送与排出。研究结果证实,黑海参摄食器官和消化道独特的结构与功能保证了其在珊瑚砂粗颗粒生境中高效摄取有机物。  相似文献